Powering devices using rf energy harvesting

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is an apparatus for an application including a core device for the application. The apparatus includes a power (preferably RF energy) harvester connected to the core device to power the core device. Also disclosed is a method for an application. The method includes the steps of converting RF energy into usable energy. There is the step of powering the core device with the usable energy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/499,618, filed Jul. 8, 2009, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/447,412, filed Jun. 6, 2006, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/688,587, filed on Jun. 8, 2005; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present invention is related to the wireless powering of devices. More specifically, the present invention is related to the wireless powering of devices with a power harvester.

As processor capabilities have expanded and power requirements have decreased there has been an ongoing explosion of devices that operate completely independent of wires or power cords. These “untethered” devices range from cell phones, and wireless keyboards to building sensors and active RFID tags.

Engineers and designers of these untethered devices continue to have to deal with the limitations of portable power sources, primarily batteries as the key design parameter. While performance of processors and portable devices have been doubling every 18-24 months driven by Moore's law, battery technology in terms of capacity has only been growing at measly 6% per year. Even with power conscious designs and the latest in battery technology, many devices do not provide the lifetime cost and maintenance requirements for applications that require a large number of untethered devices such as logistics, and building automation. Today's devices that need two-way communication require scheduled maintenance every three to 18 months to replace or recharge the device's power source (typically a battery). One-way devices simply broadcasting their status (one-way) such as automated utility meter readers have a better battery life, typically requiring replacement within 10 years. For both device types, scheduled power-source maintenance is costly and disruptive to the entire system that a device is intended to monitor and/or control. Unscheduled maintenance trips are even more costly and disruptive. On a macro level, the relatively high cost associated with the internal battery also reduces the practical, or economically viable, number of devices that can be deployed.

The ideal solution to the power problem for untethered devices is a device or system that can collect and harness sufficient energy from the external environment. The harnessed energy would then either directly power an untethered device or augment a battery or other storage component. Directly powering an untethered device enables the device to be constructed without the need for a battery. Augmenting a storage component could be along two lines: 1) increasing the overall life of the device or 2) by providing more power to the device to increase the functionality of the device. The other parameters for an ideal solution is that the harnessing device could be used in a wide range of environments including harsh and sealed environments (e.g. nuclear reactors), would be inexpensive to produce, would be safe for humans, and would have a minimal effect on the basic size, weight and other physical characteristics of the untethered device.

SUMMARY

The present invention pertains to an apparatus for an application. The apparatus comprises a core device preferably having an integrated circuit for the application. The apparatus comprises a power harvester (preferably a radio frequency (RF) energy harvester) connected to the core device to power the core device.

The present invention pertains to an apparatus for an application. The apparatus comprises a core device preferably having an integrated circuit for the application. The apparatus comprises means for receiving energy wirelessly and providing power from the energy to the core device to power the integrated circuit of the core device. The receiving means is connected to the core device.

The present invention pertains to a method for an application. The method comprises the steps of converting RF energy into usable energy. There is the step of preferably powering an integrated circuit of the core device with the usable energy.

This invention pertains to a technique that uses radio frequency (RF) energy as a source of energy to directly power a device or augment a power storage component in a device. The present invention meets the requirements described in the previous “Background of the Invention” section.

Traditional RF receiving devices have focused on maximizing selectivity of the frequency to isolate and to be coherent without interference from other sources. In contrast, while the present invention operates at a specific frequency or range of frequencies, the device accepts any interference to supplement the output power of the device. Also, the research related to power harvesting that uses RF energy as a source has primarily focused on devices in close proximity of the source (inductive or near-field energy). In most cases, prior research assumed a dedicated or directed source of RF to power the device.

The invention should not be confused with power transfer by inductive coupling, which requires the device to be relatively close to the power transmission source. The RFID Handbook by the author Klaus Finkenzeller defines the inductive coupling region as distance between the transmitter and receiver of less than 0.16 times lambda where lambda is the wavelength of the RF wave. The invention can be implemented in the near field (sometimes referred to as inductive) region as well as the far-field region. The far-field region is distances greater than 0.16 times lambda.

It is an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus to

-   -   1. remotely energize an untethered device without using direct         wiring     -   2. power or augment the life of the power storage component so         it matches the life of the device and, ultimately, powers the         off-grid device with or without the use of batteries     -   3. allow untethered devices to be virtually maintenance free     -   4. provide augmentation for other energy harvesting technologies         (solar, piezoelectric, etc.)     -   5. provide backup power to tethered devices

It is a further object of this invention to directly power a device or augment a power storage component in a device in conjunction with other power harvesting technologies and storage elements.

With this method and apparatus a device's power storage components do not require replacement, thus enabling the device to be permanently placed off-grid, where it may be physically impractical, costly, or dangerous (due to a harsh environment) to provide maintenance.

For devices on-grid (tethered) or with reliable power sources, RF power harvesting can be used as a backup in case the primary power source is lost.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, the preferred embodiment of the invention and preferred methods of practicing the invention are illustrated in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to directly supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Storage block.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and Power Storage block.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and Power Storage block.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block supplying power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block supplying power to a Power Storage Charger and the RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Storage block.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block supplying power to a Power Storage Charger and Core Device Components.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block supplying power to a Power Storage Charger and Core Device Components and the RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Storage block.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit.

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block.

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit.

FIG. 27 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block.

FIG. 28 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and the RF Power Harvesting block supplying power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit.

FIG. 30 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 31 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power Core Device Components.

FIG. 33 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block.

FIG. 35 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 36 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 38 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 39 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 40 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to the Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 41 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to Core Device Components and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 42 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 43 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 44 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and the RF Power Harvesting block supplying power to Core Device Components and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 45 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 46 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 47 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 48 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power Core Device Components and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 49 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 50 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 51 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and used to supply power to Core Device Components and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 52 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 53 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation and/or Power Storage Circuit and a Power Storage block and used to supply power to Core Device Components and used to supply power to a Power Storage Charger.

FIG. 54 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block using Antenna A to directly supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 55 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block using Antenna A to supply power to a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 56 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block using Antenna A to supply power to a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 57 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to directly supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 58 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 59 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block and used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 60 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to directly supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 61 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to directly supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 62 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block and used to directly supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 63 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 64 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 65 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 66 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block and an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 67 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 68 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block and an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 69 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block and a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 70 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block and a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 71 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 72 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 73 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 74 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 75 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 76 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 77 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components.

FIG. 78 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 79 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 80 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with an Alternative Power Sources.

FIG. 81 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 82 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 83 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block and an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 84 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 85 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block and an Alternative Power Sources block.

FIG. 86 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block and a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 87 is a block diagram of an RF Power Harvesting block used to supply power to Core Device Components and in communication with an Alternative Power Sources block and a Power Regulation, Storage and/or Storage Charging block.

FIG. 88 is a block diagram of an entire power system for the device.

FIG. 89 is a block diagram of a power harvesting block used to supply power to a core device having a sensor.

FIG. 90 is a block diagram of a power harvesting block used to supply power to a core device having a computer peripheral.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A complete understanding of the invention will be obtained from the following description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawing figures wherein like reference characters identify like parts throughout.

There is shown an apparatus 10 for an application. The apparatus 10 comprises a core device 22 preferably having an integrated circuit 36 for the application. The apparatus 10 comprises a power harvester 20 connected to the core device 22 to power the core device 22.

The apparatus 10 preferably includes an alternative power source 24 connected to the core device 22 to power the core device 22 in conjunction with the power harvester 20. Preferably, the apparatus 10 includes a power regulator 26 and/or power storage circuit 28 connected to the power harvester 20. The apparatus 10 preferably includes a power storage charger 30 connected to the power harvester 20. Preferably, the apparatus 10 includes a power storage connected to the power harvester 20.

Preferably, the core device 22 includes a memory 38 connected to the integrated circuit 36 and to the power harvester 20 to power the memory 36.

The core device 22 can include a sensor 32, as shown in FIG. 89. The sensor 32 can include a proximity sensor, an intrusion sensor, an environmental sensor, a chemical sensor, a biological sensor, a sensor in contact with an automobile, an occupancy sensor, a motion sensor, a position sensor, a metal detector, or a sensor 32 in contact with an aircraft. The sensor 32 can include an alarm connected to the power harvester 20 to power the alarm, a display connected to the power harvester 20 to power the display, a sensor 32 disposed in a building, an industrial automation sensor, a sensor 32 in contact with an elevator, a temperature sensor, a fire sensor, or an accelerometer.

The sensor 32 can include a level sensor, a gas level sensor, a fluid level sensor, a light level sensor. The sensor 32 can include a flow sensor, a gas flow sensor, a fluid flow sensor, a light flow sensor, or a plasma flow sensor.

The sensor 32 can include a pressure sensor, a gas pressure sensor, a fluid pressure sensor, a light sensor, an infrared light sensor, an ultraviolet light sensor, an x-ray sensor, a cosmic ray sensor, a visible light sensor, a gamma ray sensor, a stress sensor, a strain sensor, a depth sensor, or an electrical characteristic sensor.

The sensor 32 includes a voltage sensor, a current sensor, a viscosity sensor, an acoustical sensor, a sound sensor, a listening sensor, a thickness sensor, a density sensor, a surface quality sensor, a volume sensor, a physical sensor, a mass sensor, a weight sensor, a conductivity sensor, a distance sensor, an orientation sensor, or a vibration sensor.

The sensor 32 can include a radioactivity sensor, a field strength sensor, an electric field sensor or a magnetic field sensor, a smoke detector, a carbon monoxide detector, a radon detector, an air quality sensor, a humidity sensor, a glass breakage sensor, or a break beam detector. The sensor can include a thermal energy sensor, an electromagnetic sensor, a mechanical sensor, an optical sensor, a radiation sensor, a sensor in contact with a vehicle, or a sensor 32 in contact with a water craft.

The present invention pertains to an apparatus 10 for an application. The apparatus 10 comprises a core device 22 having an integrated circuit 36 for the application. The apparatus 10 comprises means for receiving energy wirelessly and providing power from the energy to the core device 22 to power the integrated circuit 36 of the core device 22. The receiving means is connected to the core device 22. Preferably, the core device 22 includes means for sensing.

The present invention pertains to a method for an application. The method comprises the steps of converting RF energy into usable energy. There is the step of preferably powering an integrated circuit 36 of the core device 22 with the usable energy.

Preferably, there is the step of regulating the usable energy provided to the core device 22. There is preferably the step of storing the usable energy. Preferably, there is the step of providing power to the core device 22 from an alternative power source 24 in conjunction with the usable energy.

Alternatively, the core device 22 can include a computer peripheral 34, as shown in FIG. 90. The computer peripheral 34 can include a handheld game, a gaming system, a game controller, a controller, a keyboard, a mouse, a computer terminal, computer storage, or computer equipment.

The present invention can be implemented in numerous ways. A number of these ways are depicted in FIGS. 1-90. These figures contain multiple blocks that are configured in multiple ways.

In the figures, an arrow represents the flow of power unless otherwise stated. Single-headed (one-way) arrows represent that the power is flowing from one block to another. The single-headed arrow may represent multiple wires that provide power from one block to multiple parts in the other block. Two-headed (two-way) arrows represent a single wire that can have power flow in either direction or multiple wires each having power flow in a single direction.

As an example, a two-headed arrow between an RF power harvesting 20 block and a power regulation 26 and/or power storage circuit 28 block can represent a single wire that allows harvested power to flow into a storage device such as a capacitor. The same block diagram can also represent two wires between the two blocks with the first wire allowing harvested power to flow into a voltage regulator 26. The second wire can allow the regulated voltage to feedback to the RF power harvesting 20 block to provide power to internal components such as transistors to increase the performance of the RF power harvesting 20 block.

Each block is described in detail below. Each block represents the functionality described below associated with it. For instance, the RF power harvesting 20 block describes a power harvester 20, and the power regulation 26 and/or power storage circuit 28 block describes a power regulator 26 and a power storage circuit 28.

Device's Power System Block

The device's power system block includes all components/circuitry required to power the device. This block may include an RF power harvesting 20 block, a power regulation 26 and/or power storage circuit 28 block, a power storage block, and/or a power storage charger 30 block (all discussed below).

RF Power Harvesting 20 Block

The RF power harvesting 20 block is connected to an antenna. The antenna may or may not be used as the communications antenna for the core device 22 components. The RF power harvesting 20 block is used to convert the energy captured by the antenna into usable power, such as direct current (DC) voltage.

This block may include antenna matching, rectifying circuitry, voltage transforming circuitry, and/or other performance optimizing circuitry. The rectifying circuitry may include a diode(s), a transistor(s), or some other rectifying device or combination. Examples of the rectifying circuitry include, but are not limited to, half-wave, full-wave, and voltage doubling circuits.

The output of the RF power harvesting 20 block is a DC voltage or current. The RF power harvesting 20 block may accept feedback (or input) from other circuitry or blocks, which may be used to control the harvesting circuitry to improve the performance or vary the output. This feedback may include, but is not limited to, a DC voltage or a clock from the core device 22 components.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,615,074 (FIGS. 8, 9, 12 a, 12 b, 13, 14), incorporated by reference, herein, shows numerous examples of RF power harvesting circuits that can be used to implement the block and function described.

Power Regulation 26 and/or Power Storage Circuit 28 Block

It may be necessary to regulate the converted power (i.e., hold the power at a constant level) for specific devices. The devices that would need this block require a fairly constant voltage or current. Deviations from the required values may cause the device to not perform within its specifications.

The regulation can be implemented in many different ways. The block can be as simple as using a Zener diode, or as complicated as using an integrated circuit such as a linear voltage regulator 26 or switching regulator 26 to hold the voltage at a constant level.

Certain devices have a more tolerable power requirement. For these devices, the regulation stage may be excluded.

This block may also include, with or without the regulation, a storage device such as a capacitor, a battery, or some other device able to store charge. The output from the power regulation 26 and/or power storage circuit 28 block may be used as feedback to other blocks within the device's power system block or to the alternative power sources 24 block (described below), if they require a regulated supply voltage or stored power.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,894,467 (FIGS. 1, 3), Linear Voltage Regulator, incorporated by reference, herein, is an example of a practical application of implementing the regulation described in the block. U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,618 (FIGS. 1-4), Power storage device and method of measuring voltage of storage battery, incorporated by reference, herein, is an example of a practical application of implementing the storage described in the block.

Power Storage Charger 30 Block

The power storage charger 30 block may be needed if a power storage component of the device requires a special charging mechanism, such as pulse charging or trickle charging. This block controls how the captured and converted power is supplied to the power storage component.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,836,095 (FIGS. 1-3), Battery Charging Method and Apparatus, incorporated by reference herein, is an example of a practical application of implementing the special charging mechanism described in the block.

Power Storage Block

If a device has intermittent power requirements, it may be necessary to store the captured power for use at a later time. The power can be stored in the power storage block, which could include a battery, a capacitor, and/or another type of power storage component. Power storage components include, but are not limited to, batteries (rechargeable and non-rechargeable), capacitors, inductors, fuel cells, and other power storage elements.

The output from the power storage block may be used as feedback to other blocks within the device's power system or to the alternative power sources 24 block, if they require a dedicated and predictable supply voltage.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,618 (FIGS. 1-4), Power Storage Device and Method of Measuring Voltage of Storage Battery, incorporated by reference herein, is an example of a practical application of implementing the storage described in the block. U.S. Pat. No. 6,835,501, Alkaline Rechargeable Battery, incorporated by reference herein, is also an example of a practical application of implementing the storage described in the block.

Core Device 22 Components Block

The core device 22 components block is the portion of the device that is receiving power from the device's power system. This block may be, but is not limited to, the devices listed in the subsequent pages of this document. It may be advantageous for the core device 22 components block to communicate with any of the blocks that are supplying power to it. This communication can include, but is not limited to, a feedback control signal such as a clock or an ON/OFF command. As an example, the device may want to turn off the alternative power sources 24 block if it is receiving sufficient power from the RF power harvesting 20 block.

Alternative Power Sources 24 Block

RF energy harvesting also has the ability to be augmented by other types of power harvesting, storage components, or dedicated sources (e.g. power line). The alternative power sources 24 block shows how this type of system could be implemented. The augmenting power harvesting technologies include, but are not limited to, solar, light (visible and non-visible), piezoelectric, vibration, acoustic, thermal, microgenerators, wind, and other environmental elements. This block can work independently or have communication with other blocks.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,358, Solar Cell Structure Utilizing an Amorphous Silicon Discrete By-Pass Diode, incorporated by reference herein, is an example of a practical application of implementing an alternative power source 24 described by the block. U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,970, Multi-Frequency Piezoelectric Energy Harvester, incorporated by reference herein, is also an example of a practical application of implementing an alternative power source 24 described by the block.

Power Regulation 26, Storage 28 and/or Storage Charging 30 Block

The power regulation 26, storage 28 and/or storage charging 30 block contains all the combinations of the power regulation 26 and/or power storage circuit 28 block, power storage charger 30 block, and power storage block. This block is used in the later figures to reduce the number of figures needed to show how the blocks can interconnect.

The disclosed invention is an apparatus and method for an application for retrieving radio frequency (RF) energy by an antenna, converting that energy into direct current (DC) power, regulating that energy using an optimized circuit, storing that energy in an optimized component, and/or supplying the power for a specific device.

Retrieval of RF Energy

The RF energy is retrieved from the environment by the use of the antenna. The antenna can be shared or standalone with respect to an antenna used for the device's wireless communication. FIGS. 54-56 show a device that has an antenna A for use by the RF power harvester 20 and an antenna B used for wireless one-way or two-way communication. FIGS. 57-59 show a device where the antenna is shared by both a device's communication module (within the core device 22 components) and the RF power harvester 20. In terms of form factor, the antenna used by the apparatus 10 can be a separate component or integrated directly into the form factor of the device.

The antenna is able to capture two types of available RF energy. The first type of energy exists as ambient RF energy. This type of RF surrounds us in our day-to-day lives and is usually generated to carry one way or two-way combinations of voice, video and data communications. The sources that the antenna can harvest from include, but are not limited to, medium-frequency AM radio broadcast, very-high-frequency (VHF) FM radio broadcast and television broadcast, ultra-high-frequency (UHF) broadcast, cellular base stations, wireless data access points, super-high-frequency (SHF) frequencies, and the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. These sources cover transmission frequencies from 300 kHz to 30 GHz.

The second type of energy available is directed RF energy. This type of RF energy is directed from a transmitter specifically designed to deliver RF energy for harvesting by the antenna. The transmitter can be configured as a standalone device or integrated into an existing device.

Conversion of the Energy into DC

The RF energy captured by the antenna must be converted into a useful form of energy for the specific device. This conversion is shown in block form in all FIGS. (1-90) as the RF power harvesting 20 block. The most common form of useable energy is DC energy. To perform this conversion, the block includes circuitry to rectify the captured alternating current (AC) energy to create DC energy. The rectification in this block can be done with a diode(s), a transistor(s), or some other rectifying device or combination.

Regulation of the Energy

It may be necessary to regulate the converted power (hold the power at a constant level) for specific devices. FIGS. 2-7, 10-17, and 22-53 show how this regulation can be implemented using a power regulation 26 and/or power storage circuit 28 block. The devices that would need this block require a fairly constant voltage or current. Deviations from the required values may cause the device to not perform within its specifications. The regulation can be implemented in many different ways. The block can be as simple as using a Zener diode, or as complicated as using an integrated circuit such as a linear voltage regulator 26 or a switching regulator 26 to hold the voltage at a constant level. Certain devices have a more tolerable power requirement. For these devices, the regulation stage may be excluded.

Storage of the Energy

If a device has intermittent power requirements, such as the devices exampled by FIGS. 2-53, it may be necessary to store the captured power for use at a later time. The power can be stored in the power storage block or the power regulation 26 and/or power storage circuit 28 block. Storage devices can include, but are not limited to, a battery, a capacitor, or another type of power storage component. In certain applications, it may be necessary to include additional circuitry that controls how the power is transferred to the storage device. The power storage charger 30 block is shown in FIGS. 18-53. This may be needed if the power storage component requires a special charging mechanism such as pulse charging or trickle charging. Power storage components include, but are not limited to, batteries (rechargeable and non-rechargeable), capacitors, inductors, fuel cells, and other storage elements. There are devices that will not require storage. These devices can run directly off of the converted power. These devices also may or may not require regulation of the captured power.

Supplying the Power

The captured DC power, which may or may not be regulated and/or stored, is supplied to the device, which is represented by the core device 22 components block in the figures. This may be a single connection or it may supply multiple parts of the device with power.

RF energy harvesting also has the ability to be augmented by other types of power harvesting or storage components. Other power harvesting technologies include, but are not limited to, solar, light (visible and non-visible), piezoelectric, vibration, acoustic, thermal, microgenerators, wind, and other environmental elements. Power storage components include, but are not limited to, batteries (rechargeable and non-rechargeable), capacitors, inductors, fuel cells, and other storage elements. FIGS. 60-88 show how the alternative power sources 24 block can be connected to an RF energy harvesting system. These figure show how the RF energy harvesting 20 block and the alternative power sources 24 block can work independently or have communication with each other. The antenna configurations shown in FIGS. 54-59 are still applicable with the addition of an alternative power sources 24 block. These antenna configurations can be applied to FIGS. 60-88.

RF energy harvesting also has the ability to provide a backup to devices on-grid (tethered) or with reliable power sources, which can be used in case the primary power source is lost. As an example, it may be mandated by regulations that a sensor has auxiliary power in case the primary supply is lost. It could be possible to use a rechargeable battery that obtains its charge from the primary supply when in operation. However, if the primary supply is lost for a time greater than the life of the rechargeable battery, the specification of uninterrupted power is not met. RF energy could be used to supply power to the described device while the primary supply is not available. The primary supply could include, but is not limited to, an on-grid connection, a generator, a battery, or other reliable power supply.

RF energy harvesting with or without alternative source augmentation is applicable to provide electric power directly or indirectly to a range of electronic components contained in any specific electrical or electronic device and includes, but is not limited to:

-   -   Passive electronic components, active electronic components;     -   Resistors, fixed resistors, variable resistors, thermistors,         thyristor, thermocouple;     -   Capacitors, Electrolytic Capacitors, Tantalum Capacitors,         Ceramic Capacitors, Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors, Polystyrene         Film Capacitors, Electric Double Layer Capacitors (Super         Capacitors), Polyester Film Capacitors, Polypropylene         Capacitors, Mica Capacitors, Metallized Polyester Film         Capacitors, Variable Capacitors;     -   Diodes, Voltage regulation diodes, light-emitting diodes,         organic light-emitting diodes, Variable capacitance diodes,         Rectification diodes, Switching diodes, Regulation Diodes, Diode         bridges, Schottky barrier diodes, tunnel diodes, PIN diodes,         Zener diodes, Avalanche diodes, TVSs;     -   Integrated circuits, microcontroller unit (MCU), microprocessor         unit (MPU), logic circuits, memory, printed circuits, circuit         boards, printed wiring boards;     -   Transistors, MOSFETs, FETs, BJTs, JFETs, IGBTs, Relays,         Antennas, semiconductors, conductors, inductors, relays, diacs,         triacs, SCRs, MOVs;     -   Fuses, circuit breakers;     -   Batteries, Non-rechargeable batteries, rechargeable batteries,         coin cell batteries, button cell batteries, alkaline batteries,         lithium batteries, lithium ion batteries, lithium polymer         batteries, NIMH batteries, NICAD batteries, Lead acid batteries,         Zinc air batteries, Manganese Lithium batteries, Niobium         Titanium Lithium batteries, Vanadium Pentoxide Lithium         batteries, Carbon Zinc batteries, Zinc Chloride batteries,         Lithium Thionyl Chloride batteries, Manganese Dioxide batteries,         Lithium Poly-Carbonmonofluoride batteries, Lithium Manganese         Dioxide batteries, Lithium Chloride batteries, Lead Acid Calcium         batteries, Lead Acid Tin batteries, Oxy Nickel batteries, Silver         Oxide batteries, Magnesium batteries;     -   Inductors, Coils, High Frequency Coils, Toroidal Coils,         Transformers, switches, chokes;     -   Motors, DC motors, stepper motor, AC motors, Fans;     -   Crystals, Oscillators, Clocks, Timers; and     -   Displays, LCDs, LED displays.

RF energy harvesting with or without alternative source augmentation is applicable across a range of markets and specific devices and includes but is not limited to:

Consumer electronics:

-   -   Electronic equipment, wired devices, battery powered devices,         wireless communication devices, cell phones, telephones, phones,         cordless phones, portable phones, Bluetooth devices, Bluetooth         headsets, hands-free headsets, headsets, headphones, Wireless         headsets, radios, AM/FM radios, shortwave radios, weather         radios, Two-way radios, portable radio, lights, lanterns,         portable lights, flashlights, nightlights, spotlights, search         lights, calculators, graphing calculators, desk calculators,         clocks, alarm clocks, wall clocks, desk clocks, travel clocks,         watches, wristwatches, pocket watches, stop watches, timers,         voice recorders, Dictaphones, laser pointers, power tools,         cordless power tools, electronic razors, electric razors,         handheld games, gaming systems, game controllers, wireless game         controllers, remote controls, battery chargers, computers,         portable computers, keyless entry, toys, toy guns, toy laser         guns, games, microphones, musical instruments, musical effects         processors, musical instrument tuners, metronomes, electronic         chord charts, door openers, garage door openers, PDA, Cameras,         Video recorders, Multi-meter, electronic test equipment,         hand-held electronics, portable electronics, wireless pens,         sound generators, noise generators, language translators,         electric toothbrushes, portable televisions, pagers,         transceivers, toy vehicles, remote control vehicles, toy planes,         remote control planes, pet containment systems, invisible fence         pet sensors, memory backup, base station battery backups,         appliance battery backups, uninterrupted power supplies, GPS         devices, memory retention power supplies, metal detectors, stud         finders, metal stud finders, stun guns, tazers, wearable         devices, baby monitors, intercoms, doorbells, wireless         doorbells, electronic office supplies, electronic staplers,         radar jammers, radar detectors, digital scales, microfilm         cassettes, video head testers, compasses, noise canceling         headphones, air samplers, depth finders, barometers, weather         measurement instruments, data transfer devices, automatic         distress signaling unit, Wireless audio speakers, Satellite         radios, Police scanners, Car navigation systems (GPS devices),         Decorative lights, Christmas lights, garden lights, lawn lights,         ornamental lights, porch lights;     -   Multi-media players: MP3, DVD, analog music players, CD players,         tape players, digital music players, digital video players,         minidisc; and     -   Computer: keyboards, mice, peripherals, computer equipment,         electronic computers, computer storage, computer terminals;

Building/Industrial Automation:

-   -   Sensors: Position, elevator, temperature, fire, accelerometers,         level, gas level, fluid level, light level, flow, gas flow,         fluid flow, light flow, plasma flow, pressure, gas pressure,         fluid pressure, motion, light, infrared light, ultraviolet         light, X-rays, cosmic rays, visible light, gamma rays, chemical,         stress, strain, depth, electrical characteristics, voltage,         current, viscosity, acoustical, sound, listening, thickness,         density, surface quality, volume, physical, mass, weight, force,         conductivity, distance, orientation, vibration, radioactivity,         field strength, electric field strength, magnetic field         strength, occupancy, smoke detector, carbon monoxide detector,         radon detector, air quality, humidity, glass breakage, break         beam detector;     -   Controls: Position, elevator, temperature, fire, accelerometers,         level, gas level, fluid level, light level, flow, gas flow,         fluid flow, light flow, plasma flow, pressure, gas pressure,         fluid pressure, motion, light, infrared light, ultraviolet         light, X-rays, cosmic rays, visible light, gamma rays, chemical,         stress, strain, depth, electrical characteristics, voltage,         current, viscosity, acoustical, sound, listening, thickness,         density, surface quality, volume, physical, mass, weight, force,         conductivity, distance, orientation, vibration, radioactivity,         field strength, electric field strength, magnetic field         strength, occupancy, smoke detector, carbon monoxide detector,         radon detector, air quality, humidity; and     -   Devices: Thermostats, light switches, door locks, smart-card         door locks, lighting, emergency lighting, motion lighting,         safety lighting, highway lighting, construction lighting, sign         lighting, roadway sign lighting, construction sign lighting,         automatic flushing units, automatic soap dispenser, automatic         paper towel dispenser, automatic faucets, automatic door         sensors, identification reader, fingerprint reader, credit card         readers, card readers, valve actuators, gauges, analog gauges,         digital gauges, fire extinguishers, wireless switches, remotely         operated inspection equipment, gas/oil pipeline monitoring         systems, robotic pipeline inspection gauges, “auto-reclosers”         for electric power lines, sonar buoys, telemetry systems,         electronic record tracking systems, robbery tracking devices,         interrogators, programmers, emergency exit alarms, alarms, flood         alarms, gas alarms, electronic entry systems, security keypads,         silo transducers, data recorders, signal tracers, anti-static         strap testers, radiosonde weather balloons, utilities load         controllers, profilometers, noise cancellation equipment,         infrared beacons;

Military/Government:

-   -   Tracking tags: Weapons, vehicle, soldier, gear/assets, staff,         general population, security access badges;     -   Sensors: Proximity, intrusion, environmental,         chemical/biological; and     -   Equipment: Battery charger, surveillance, card readers,         identification reader, fingerprint reader, retinal scanners,         satellites, rockets, space vehicles, search and rescue         transponders (SARTs), emergency position-indicating rescue         beacons (EPIRBs), emergency locator transmitters (ELTs),         military radios, electronic toll collection systems, postal         tracking systems, communications, thermal imaging, night vision,         training targets, field medical equipment, house arrest         monitors, laser tags, electronic parking meters, multiple         integrated laser engagement system, munitions and mines, ship         sensors;

Utility:

-   -   Gas consumption meters, water consumption meters, and electric         consumption meters;

Logistics & Supply Chain Management:

-   -   Radio-frequency identification devices (RFID), RFID readers;     -   Tracking: Asset tags, cargo container location beacons,         transponders, transceivers; and     -   Devices: Smart price tags, smart shelving, handheld barcode         scanner, barcode scanners, credit card readers, card readers,         retail signage, hotel door locks;

Homeland Security:

-   -   Sensors: Occupancy, proximity, environmental,         chemical/biological, motion, position; and     -   Metal detector wand;

Medical:

-   -   Implantable: cochlear implants, neural stimulators, pace makers,         medication administration, defibrillator;     -   Body function monitors: pressure, temperature, respiration,         blood oxygenation, insulin, hearing aid, pulse, EKG, heart,         Holter;     -   Tracking tags: Patient, baby identification, assets, supplies,         staff, medication, instruments;     -   Devices: Home healthcare equipment, ambulatory infusion pumps,         blood analyzers, biofeedback systems, bone growth stimulators,         thermometers, digital thermometers, stimulators, galvanic         stimulators, muscle stimulators, pediatric scales; and

Agriculture—livestock tracking and asset tracking:

-   -   Tracking: livestock, asset, wildlife tracking devices; and     -   Equipment: cattle prods;

Automotive:

-   -   Automotive antennas, Automotive Audio Systems, Automotive         Lighting, Automotive Video Systems, Computers, Processors,         Controls, Switches, Electric Motors, Actuators, Ignition         Systems, Starter Systems, Injection Systems, Powertrain         Electronics, Radar Detectors, Proximity Detectors, Safety         Systems, Security Systems, Sensors, Regulators, Distributors,         Vehicle Control, Wiper Systems, Washer Systems, Radio, Video         Systems, Entertainment Systems, Navigation Systems, GPS systems,         Power Mirror Systems, Emission control systems;

Appliances:

-   -   Monitoring systems and control systems for major and small         appliances including washing machines, dryers, refrigerators,         freezers, coolers, air conditioners, humidifiers, dehumidifiers,         air purifiers, air filters, fans, furnaces, water heaters,         boilers, space heaters, sowing machines, ice makers, microwave         ovens, convection ovens, ovens, toaster ovens, ranges, range         hoods, cooktops, stoves, stovetops, crock pots, hot plates,         dishwashers, garbage disposals, can openers, vacuum cleaners,         blenders, mixers, food processors, irons, coffee makers,         toasters, grills, hair dryers, electric tooth brushes, electric         razors, electric drills, electric screwdrivers, chainsaws,         lawnmowers, push mowers, riding mowers, trimmers, brush cutters,         pruners, edgers, vending machines;

Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial Refrigeration Equipment:

-   -   Monitoring systems, control systems;

Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment;

Monitoring systems, control systems;

Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing:

-   -   Monitoring systems, control systems;

Telecommunications:

-   -   Monitoring systems, control systems;     -   Portable;

Aircraft:

-   -   Monitoring systems, control systems, actuator systems, sensors.

It should be noted that devices within a specific category may be applicable across multiple areas even if they are not specifically listed. (e.g., temperature sensors apply to Industrial and Building Automation and Appliances).

To retrofit or redesign the devices listed, it is possible to implement the described systems in numerous ways. It may be advantageous to leave the device design as-is including the existing power supply. As an example, a device may use non-rechargeable batteries to operate. The device will most likely have a protection circuit to prevent damage if the batteries are installed incorrectly. The protection mechanism is commonly a diode inline with the positive terminal of the battery. In this case, the RF power harvester 20 with or without the alternative power source 24 could be inserted, with an antenna, into the device. The power generated by the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24, if applicable) could be connected to the device after the protection mechanism described to avoid potential charging of a non-rechargeable battery.

Another way to configure the device's power system is to replace the non-rechargeable batteries with rechargeable batteries. In this instance, the output from the RF power harvester 20 (and alternative power source 24) could be connected to either side of the protections device. If the connection is before the protection mechanism, the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24, if applicable) will recharge the battery and supply power to the device. If the connection is after the protection mechanism, the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24, if applicable) will supply power to the device and the battery will supply any extra power needed that could not be supplied by the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24, if applicable). It should be noted that the protection device in this case is not needed for proper operation. Its only function would be to protect the batteries from being installed incorrectly. An antenna could be contained inside or placed on the outside of the device.

Another configuration of the device's power system is to remove the existing batteries and install the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24) in the enclosure provided for the batteries. An antenna could be contained inside or placed on the outside of the device.

Yet another method of configuring the device's power system would be to reduce the number of batteries and replace them with the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24). In this case, the output from the system would be connected to the batteries in series or parallel depending on the original battery configuration. An antenna could be contained inside or placed on the outside of the device.

An additional option, would be to completely redesign the product and integrate the required circuitry and storage components into the device. This method is probably the most advantageous because it can fully take advantage of the benefits offered by the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24). An antenna could be contained inside or placed on the outside of the device.

If the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24) is used as a backup to the primary power supply, a switch could be implemented into the system in order to switch the RF power harvester 20 (and the alternative power source 24) on when the primary source is lost. In this case, an antenna could be contained inside or placed on the outside of the device.

To show the flexibility of RF energy harvesting, several products were retrofitted to include an RF power harvester 20 (energy harvesting circuitry). These products include a wireless keyboard, a wall clock, and a desk calculator.

The wireless keyboard is an example of recharging and augmenting a battery to supply power to a device. This system is shown in FIG. 13. The output from the regulation circuitry recharges the battery and supplies power to the keyboard. The battery is also used to supply power to the keyboard. The keyboard also includes a separate antenna for receiving power and for data communications. The antenna configuration can be seen in FIG. 55.

The wall clock is an example of a direct powering system. The wall clock was retrofitted to include an RF power harvester 20 and the internal AA battery was removed. This system is shown in FIG. 2. The wall clock did not need regulation, but did require a capacitor for storage to supply the pulse of power to move the second hand.

The calculator is an example of using RF energy harvesting with another energy harvesting technology. The calculator had an internal 1.5V coin cell battery and a small solar panel. The internal battery was removed, however, the solar panel was left intact. This system is shown in FIG. 60. In this system, the calculator can receive power from both the solar panel and the RF power harvester 20 to eliminate the need for a battery.

As an additional example, an RF power harvester 20 (energy harvesting circuit) similar to the ones shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,615,074 (FIGS. 8, 9, 12 a, 12 b, 13, 14), was connected in series with a 0.5V solar cell. Individually, the solar cell was able to provide 0.480V to a 10 kilo-ohm resistor, which was being used to simulate the core device 22 components. This corresponds to 23 microwatts. The RF power harvesting circuit by itself was able to provide 2.093V across the 10 kilo-ohm resistor when being supplied by 1 milliwatt of RF power. This corresponds to 438 microwatts. The two circuit outputs were then combined in series by connecting the output from the RF energy harvesting circuit to the ground of the solar cell. The output of the solar cell was then connected to the resistor. The other end of the resistor was connected to the ground of the RF energy harvesting circuit. The voltage across the resistor with the circuits connected as shown in FIG. 63 was 2.445V. This corresponds to 598 microwatts.

As can be seen, the combination of the two technologies produces a result higher than the addition of the individual powers. From this, it can be determined that the two technologies can cooperate in a way that produces favorable results.

In the example given, the solar cell produces current to supply the load and helps to bias the RF rectifying diodes, which allows the RF energy harvesting circuit to operate a higher efficiency. The solar cell also changes the impedance seen by the RF energy harvesting circuit, which produces a beneficial result. To be more specific, when examining the power output of the individual circuit (solar and RF power harvesting), the sum of the power captured by the individual circuits was 23 μW+438 μW=461 μW. However, when the two circuits are combined and are allowed to work in conjunction with one another, the output power becomes 598 μW. This result shows that combining the two power-harvesting technologies produces a 30 percent increase in the output power for this example. This same technique can be applied to multiple energy harvesting technologies to produce even greater output power. The equations for this example are shown below.

Individual Circuits

P _(I) =P ₁ +P ₂ + . . . +P _(N)

Combined Circuits

P _(C) >P _(I) =P ₁ +P ₂ + . . . +P _(N)

-   -   where P_(I) is the sum of the individual output powers         -   P_(C) is the output of the combined circuit         -   P₁ is the output power from the first power harvesting             technology         -   P₂ is the output power from the second power harvesting             technology         -   P_(N) is the output power from the N^(th) power harvesting             technology         -   N is the number of power harvesting technologies or             circuits.

As can be seen by the previous examples, RF energy harvesting can be used alone or in conjunction with alternative power sources to power a wide range of devices. The addition of RF energy harvesting technology to the device allows for increased battery life, increased functionality, or the removal of the primary battery.

Although the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing embodiments for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention except as it may be described by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first antenna configured to wirelessly receive energy from a source, the source being remote from the apparatus; a second antenna different from and electrically isolated from the first antenna, the second antenna configured to wirelessly communicate with the source; a power harvester electrically coupled to the first antenna and configured to convert the energy received at the first antenna to a DC voltage; a radio-frequency identification (RFID) device electrically coupled to the power harvester and to the second antenna, the RFID device configured to wirelessly communicate with the source via the second antenna; an integrated circuit configured to operate based on the DC voltage; and a sensor electrically coupled to the integrated circuit, the sensor configured to operate based on the DC voltage and to detect at least one of an environmental condition associated with a location of the apparatus or a physical condition associated with an item coupled to the apparatus.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a regulator coupled to the power harvester and configured to regulate the DC voltage to produce a regulated DC voltage, the sensor configured to operate based on the regulated DC voltage received from the regulator.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the integrated circuit is configured to perform an application associated with the at least one of the environmental condition or the physical condition detected by the sensor.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an electronic display configured to operate based on the DC voltage.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor includes at least one of a temperature sensor, a motion sensor, a vibration sensor, a humidity sensor, an orientation sensor, or a position sensor.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RFID device does not operate based on a battery, and the sensor does not operate based on a battery.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is a RFID tag.
 8. An apparatus, comprising: an antenna configured to wirelessly receive energy from a source, the source being remote from the apparatus; a power harvester electrically coupled to the antenna and configured to convert the energy received at the antenna to a DC voltage; a radio-frequency identification (RFID) device electrically coupled to the antenna and configured to wirelessly communicate with the source via the antenna, the RFID device operatively coupled to the power harvester and including an integrated circuit configured to operate based on the DC voltage; and a sensor electrically coupled to the RFID device and the power harvester, the sensor configured to operate based on the DC voltage and to detect at least one of an environmental condition associated with a location of the apparatus or a physical condition associated with an item coupled to the apparatus, the integrated circuit configured to perform an application associated with the at least one of the environmental condition or the physical condition detected by the sensor.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the power harvester is configured to wirelessly communicate with the source via the antenna.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the sensor is electrically coupled to the antenna and is configured to wirelessly communicate with the source via the antenna.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: a regulator coupled to the power harvester and configured to regulate the DC voltage to produce a regulated DC voltage, the integrated circuit configured to operate based on the regulated DC voltage received from the regulator.
 12. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: an electronic display configured to operate based on the DC voltage.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the sensor includes at least one of a temperature sensor, a motion sensor, a vibration sensor, a humidity sensor, or a position sensor.
 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the RFID device does not operate based on a battery, and the sensor does not operate based on a battery.
 15. An apparatus, comprising: an antenna configured to wirelessly receive energy from a source, the source being remote from the apparatus; a power harvester electrically coupled to the antenna and configured to convert the energy received at the antenna to a DC voltage to produce a power associated with the DC voltage; a regulator coupled to the power harvester and configured to regulate the power associated with the DC voltage to produce a regulated power; a radio-frequency identification (RFID) device electrically coupled to the antenna and configured to wirelessly communicate with the source via the antenna, the RFID device electrically coupled to the power harvester and the regulator, the RFID device including an integrated circuit configured to operate based on at least one of the power received from the power harvester or the regulated power received from the regulator; and an electronic display electrically coupled to the RFID device and configured to operate, at least in part, based on the regulated power received from the regulator.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the electronic display is electrically coupled to the regulator, the electronic display is configured to operate based on the regulated power received from the regulator and the power received from the power harvester.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the electronic display is one of a liquid-crystal display (LCD) or a light-emitting diode (LED) display.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising: a sensor configured to operate, at least in part, based on the regulated power received from the regulator, the sensor including at least one of a temperature sensor, a motion sensor, a vibration sensor, a humidity sensor, or a position sensor.
 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the power harvester is configured to wirelessly communicate with the source via the antenna.
 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the RFID device does not operate based on a battery, and the electronic display does not operate based on a battery. 